Importancia cultural de la flora empleada por la comunidad nativa Asheninka Sheremashe, Ucayali, Perú / Cultural importance of the flora used by the Asheninka Sheremashe native community, Ucayali, Peru

The cultural significance of the flora used by the native Asheninka Sheremashe community in Ucayali, Peru was determined. To do this, a fieldwork of over 4 months was conducted, involving semi-structured interviews with 106 residents through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The community utilizes 139 plant species in their daily lives, belonging to 120 genera and 52 families, with the most abundant being Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae, and Rutaceae. Furthermore, 25.9% of the species are of significant importance to theinhabitants according to the Cultural Index (CI), such as Manihot esculenta, Theobroma cacao, Bixa orellana, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus insipida, among others. It can be concluded that the flora plays a prominent role in the life of the community, with the categories reporting the highest number of species being: food (29.35%), medicine (28.36%), culture (9.95%), construction (9.45%), lumber (6.97%), commerce (3.48%), craftsmanship (2.49%), toxic (2.49%), and other uses (7.46%)

Se determinó la importancia cultural de la flora empleada por la comunidad nativa Asheninka Sheremashe, en Ucayali, Perú. Para ello, se realizó un trabajo de campo de más de 4 meses, donde se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 106 habitantes mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La comunidad emplea 139 especies vegetales en su día a día, pertenecientes a 120 géneros y 52 familias; siendo las más abundantes las Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae y Rutaceae. Además, el 25.9% de las especies tiene gran importancia para los pobladores según el Índice Cultural (IC): Manihot esculenta, Theobroma cacao, Bixa orellana, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus insipida, entre otras. Se concluye que la flora tiene un rol preponderante en la vida de la comunidad, siendo las categorías que presentaron mayor reporte de especies: alimentación (29.35%), medicina (28.36%), cultura (9.95%), construcción (9.45%), aserrío (6.97%), comercio (3.48%), artesanía (2.49%), tóxico (2.49%) y otros usos (7.46%)

Longitudinal patterns of natural hazard exposures and anxiety and depression symptoms among young adults in four low- and middle-income countries.

We estimated the effect of community-level natural hazard exposure during prior developmental stages on later anxiety and depression symptoms among young adults and potential differences stratified by gender. We analyzed longitudinal data (2002-2020) on 5585 young adults between 19 and 26 years in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. A binary question identified community-level exposure, and psychometrically validated scales measured recent anxiety and depression symptoms. Young adults with three exposure histories ("time point 1," "time point 2," and "both time points") were contrasted with their unexposed peers. We applied a longitudinal targeted minimum loss-based estimator with an ensemble of machine learning algorithms for estimation. Young adults living in exposed communities did not exhibit substantially different anxiety or depression symptoms from their unexposed peers, except for young women in Ethiopia who exhibited less anxiety symptoms (average causal effect [ACE] estimate = - 8.86 [95% CI: - 17.04, - 0.68] anxiety score). In this study, singular and repeated natural hazard exposures generally were not associated with later anxiety and depression symptoms. Further examination is needed to understand how distal natural hazard exposures affect lifelong mental health, which aspects of natural hazards are most salient, how disaster relief may modify symptoms, and gendered, age-specific, and contextual differences.

Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Peruvian patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a major challenge for public health, with hypertension and diabetes being the main causes of its occurrence. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in Peruvian patients with CKD. METHODS: A systematic search for studies about CKD in Peru was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Scielo from 2011 to December 2023. The protocol of this research was registered in the international registry of systematic reviews, the Prospective International Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), with registration number CRD42023425118. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed independently by two authors. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Statistical Meta-Analysis Assessment and Review Instrument. A random-effects model with inverse variance weighting was used to estimate the combined prevalence of HTN and DM in Peruvian patients with CKD. To analyze data heterogeneity, the I2 statistical test was used. Statistical analysis was performed with R version 4.2.3. RESULTS: A total of 1425 studies were retrieved, of which 23 were included in the final meta-analysis. A total of 43,321 patients with CKD were evaluated, of whom 52.22% were male and 47.78% were female. The combined prevalence of HTN in Peruvian patients with CKD was 38% (95% CI: 30-46%; 41,131 participants; 21 studies, I2 = 99%, p = 0), while the combined prevalence of DM in Peruvian patients with CKD was 33% (95% CI: 26-40%; 43,321 participants; 23 studies, I2 = 99%, p = 0). CONCLUSION: Approximately one-third of Peruvian patients with CKD have HTN and DM. These findings highlight the importance of implementing prevention and control measures for these chronic noncommunicable diseases in the Peruvian population, such as promoting healthy lifestyles, encouraging early detection and proper management of hypertension and diabetes, and improving access to medical care and health services.

Association between gamma glutamyl transpeptidase to HDL-Cholesterol (GGT/HDL-C) ratio and metabolic syndrome resolution after sleeve gastrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between GGT/HDL-C ratio and resolution of MetS in adults after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using secondary data from a Peruvian bariatric center. The study population consisted of adults aged 18 and above who underwent laparoscopic SG and were diagnosed with MetS prior to the surgery. The main outcome measured was MetS resolution 6 months post-surgery and the exposure variable was the GGT/HDL-C ratio. RESULTS: We analyzed 137 patients with a mean age of 38.9 ± 10.9 years; 64.2% were females. The median GGT/HDL-C ratio was 1.1 [0.7 - 1.5], and 83.9% of patients experienced resolution of MetS. Furthermore, both the middle tertile of GGT/HDL-C (aRR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.58; p = .019) and the lowest tertile (aRR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.60; p = .038) showed a significant association with the resolution of MetS. CONCLUSION: Eight out of 10 patients undergoing SG experience resolution of MetS within 6 months after surgery. Patients in the middle and lower tertiles of the GGT/HDL-C were more likely to achieve this outcome. Therefore, the GGT/HDL-C ratio should be considered a valuable and efficient biomarker for preoperative assessment of bariatric surgery candidates.

Development and Pilot-Testing of an Optimized Conversational Agent or "Chatbot" for Peruvian Adolescents Living With HIV to Facilitate Mental Health Screening, Education, Self-Help, and Linkage to Care: Protocol for a Mixed Methods, Community-Engaged Study.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents living with HIV are disproportionally affected by depression, which worsens antiretroviral therapy adherence, increases viral load, and doubles the risk of mortality. Because most adolescents living with HIV live in low- and middle-income countries, few receive depression treatment due to a lack of mental health services and specialists in low-resource settings. Chatbot technology, used increasingly in health service delivery, is a promising approach for delivering low-intensity depression care to adolescents living with HIV in resource-constrained settings. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to develop and pilot-test for the feasibility and acceptability of a prototype, optimized conversational agent (chatbot) to provide mental health education, self-help skills, and care linkage for adolescents living with HIV. METHODS: Chatbot development comprises 3 phases conducted over 2 years. In the first phase (year 1), formative research will be conducted to understand the views, opinions, and preferences of up to 48 youths aged 10-19 years (6 focus groups of up to 8 adolescents living with HIV per group), their caregivers (5 in-depth interviews), and HIV program personnel (5 in-depth interviews) regarding depression among adolescents living with HIV. We will also investigate the perceived acceptability of a mental health chatbot, including barriers and facilitators to accessing and using a chatbot for depression care by adolescents living with HIV. In the second phase (year 1), we will iteratively program a chatbot using the SmartBot360 software with successive versions (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3), meeting regularly with a Youth Advisory Board comprised of adolescents living with HIV who will guide and inform the chatbot development and content to arrive at a prototype version (version 1.0) for pilot-testing. In the third phase (year 2), we will pilot-test the prototype chatbot among 50 adolescents living with HIV naïve to its development. Participants will interact with the chatbot for up to 2 weeks, and data will be collected on the acceptability of the chatbot-delivered depression education and self-help strategies, depression knowledge changes, and intention to seek care linkage. RESULTS: The study was awarded in April 2022, received institutional review board approval in November 2022, received funding in December 2022, and commenced recruitment in March 2023. By the completion of study phases 1 and 2, we expect our chatbot to incorporate key needs and preferences gathered from focus groups and interviews to develop the chatbot. By the completion of study phase 3, we will have assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the prototype chatbot. Study phase 3 began in April 2024. Final results are expected by January 2025 and published thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: The study will produce a prototype mental health chatbot developed with and for adolescents living with HIV that will be ready for efficacy testing in a subsequent, larger study. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/55559.

Boosting self-efficacy and improving practices for smoking prevention and cessation among South American cancer care providers with a web-based algorithm.

BACKGROUND: Digital technologies have positively impacted the availability and usability of clinical algorithms through the advancement in mobile health. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if a web-based algorithm designed to support the decision-making process of cancer care providers (CCPs) differentially impacted their self-reported self-efficacy and practices for providing smoking prevention and cessation services in Peru and Colombia. METHODS: A simple decision-making tree algorithm was built in REDCap using information from an extensive review of the currently available smoking prevention and cessation resources. We employed a pre-post study design with a mixed-methods approach among 53 CCPs in Peru and Colombia for pilot-testing the web-based algorithm during a 3-month period. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the CCPs' self-efficacy and practices before and after using the web-based algorithm. The usability of the web-based algorithm was quantitatively measured with the system usability scale (SUS), as well as qualitatively through the analysis of four focus groups conducted among the participating CCPs. RESULTS: The pre-post assessments indicated that the CCPs significantly improved their self-efficacy and practices toward smoking prevention and cessation services after using the web-based algorithm. The overall average SUS score obtained among study participants was 82.9 (± 9.33) [Peru 81.5; Colombia 84.1]. After completing the qualitative analysis of the focus groups transcripts, four themes emerged: limited resources currently available for smoking prevention and cessation in oncology settings, merits of the web-based algorithm, challenges with the web-based algorithm, and suggestions for improving this web-based decision-making tool. CONCLUSION: The web-based algorithm showed high usability and was well-received by the CCPs in Colombia and Peru, promoting a preliminary improvement in their smoking prevention and cessation self-efficacy and practices.

Mood and Sleep Quality in Peruvian Medical Students During COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The prolongation and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an uncertain and devastating panorama in many populations, and the evidence shows a high prevalence of mental health problems in medical students. The objective was to evaluate the association between mood disorders and sleep quality (SQ) in Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 310 medical students from a private university in Peru. The SQ was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while mood disorders were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). All information was collected by online surveys and then analysed in the R programming language. RESULTS: The SQ results measured by PSQI were poor in 83.9% of the medical students. In the Poison regression analysis, the results of the bivariate analysis in men show that all mood disorders found the prevalence of poor SQ. However, in the multivariate analysis only stress (PRa=1.30; 95% CI, 1.08-1.57; P<0.01) and anxiety (PRa=1.34; 95% CI, 1.09-1.56; P <0.01) increased the prevalence of poor SQ. Women had a similar pattern in bivariate analysis, whereas in multivariate analysis, only severe stress (PRa=1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.29; P <0.05) increased the prevalence of poor SQ. CONCLUSIONS: This study allows us to observe the consequences that the COVID-19 pandemic is having on medical students in Peru. It also revealed a population group vulnerable to poor quality of sleep and bad mood, which in the future will impact on health. It is suggested to educate medical students about the importance of proper sleep hygiene and the consequences of poor sleep hygiene practices.

Quality of life and its associated factors in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis from a Peruvian city: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess quality of life and explore its associated factors in a group of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis in Peru. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of patients with CKD treated at two medical centers in Tacna, Peru; between July and September 2023. We conducted a survey via telephone interviews with eligible patients using the Short Form 36 (SF 36) to assess their quality of life. RESULTS: Of 257 patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis, we successfully interviewed 207 (59.9% males, median age: 62 years, median time on hemodialysis: 3.5 years). In the context of the SF-36 assessment, the dimensions with the lowest scores were physical role (mean: 13.9), emotional role (32.2), and physical function (32.4). Regarding the SF-36 summary scores, the average scores were 42.2 in the mental health domain and 32.0 in the physical health domain. In the adjusted model, the physical health domain score was higher in males (ß = 2.7) and those with economic self-sufficiency (ß = 3.0) and lower in older adults (ß = -2.5). The score in the mental health domain was higher in those with a higher level of education (ß = 4.1), in those with economic self-sufficiency (ß = 3.8), and in those receiving care at one of the centers included (ß: 4.2). CONCLUSION: Quality of life was affected, particularly in the realms of physical and emotional well-being. Furthermore, both the physical and mental health domains tend to show lower scores among women, older individuals, those lacking economic self-sufficiency, individuals with lower educational levels, and those with comorbidities.

The downstream effects of COVID-19 on adolescent girls in the Peruvian Amazon: qualitative findings on how the pandemic affected education and reproductive health.

Due to COVID-19, schools were closed to mitigate disease spread. Past studies have shown that disruptions in education have unintended consequences for adolescents, including increasing their risk of school dropout, exploitation, gender-based violence, pregnancy and early unions. In Peru, the government closed schools from March 2020 to March 2022, declaring a national emergency that affected an estimated 8 million children. These closures may have unintended consequences, including increased adolescent pregnancy, particularly in Peru's rural, largely indigenous regions. Loreto, located in the Peruvian Amazon, has one of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the country and poor maternal and child health outcomes. The underlying causes may not be fully understood as data are limited, especially as we transition out of the pandemic. This qualitative study investigated the downstream effects of COVID-19 on adolescent education and reproductive health in Loreto's districts of Nauta and Parinari. In-depth interviews (n=41) were conducted with adolescents and community leaders. These were held in June 2022, 3 months after the reinstitution of in-person classes throughout Peru. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were also completed with community health workers and educators from the same study area in October 2022 to supplement our findings (3 FGDs, n=15). We observed that the economic, educational and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to reduced contraceptive use, and increased school abandonment, early unions and adolescent pregnancy. The interplay between adolescent pregnancy and both early unions and school abandonment was bidirectional, with each acting as both a cause and consequence of the other.

The first interactive science museum in Peru: the origin and creation of TECNO-ITINTEC, 1975-1979.

This paper examines the development of the TECNO-ITINTEC museum, the first interactive science museum in Peru, which opened in 1979. The museum functioned under the Institute of Industrial Technology Research and Technical Standards (ITINTEC), a public institution established during the government of Velazco Alvarado. In 1975, Jorge Heraud became the president of ITINTEC's Board of Directors and proposed a science museum to inspire future generations of scientists. José Castro Mendívil joined as the exhibition's director and designer. Their motivation to open a museum coincided with the government's ideals for modernization and nationalization. This article analyzes various sources including newspapers, laws that regulated the institute, reports, and interviews with people involved in the museum to understand how science and politics intersected in TECNO-ITINTEC.

Cloprostenol effect with and without male stimulation on oestrus synchronization in Peru guinea pigs.

Cloprostenol, a synthetic derivative of prostaglandin F2α, effectively triggers functional and morphological regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis). In rural Peru, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) holds significance within the local economy and serves as a valuable protein source. Enhancing reproductive efficiency is crucial to achieve uniformity in weight, age, and litter size across commercial systems. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the effect of cloprostenol with and without male stimulation on the onset, duration, and intensity of oestrus in Peru guinea pigs. A total of 128 guinea pigs (120 females and eight males) between 8 and 12 months of age, weighing between 800 and 1200 g, were distributed in cages of 15 females per treatment. Cloprostenol sodium (0 [control], 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 mg/animal) was IM administered to the groups with and without male stimulation. Four isolated males in individual cages, different from the one used for the treatment, were considered to detect oestrus. The oestrus intensity was assessed by observing sexual behaviour signs such as restlessness, moaning, attempts to mount, pelvic elevation, loin stretching, and vulvar inflammation. The oestrus was manifested 2 days after the administration of cloprostenol sodium. At a dose of 0.30 mg/animal and with male stimulation, the earliest oestrus was observed at 46.9 h. There was a reduction in the oestrus duration (p < .05) in guinea pigs that received the three doses of cloprostenol sodium compared to the control group. The highest percentages of frank oestrus intensity (66.7%) were strongly associated with the administered doses of cloprostenol sodium (p < .01). In conclusion, the cloprostenol sodium administration was proper for rapid oestrus induction in Peru guinea pigs.

La labor del Protomedicato en la salud pública en el virreinato del Perú / O trabalho do Protomedicato na saúde pública no vice-reinado do Peru / The work of the Protomedicato in public health in the viceroyalty of Peru

El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer el papelque cumplió el Protomedicato en la salud publica en elvirreinato del Perú. La metodología utilizada fue la narraciónhistórica siguiendo el método heurístico y hermenéutico,utilizando fuentes primarias documentales de archivoshistóricos peruanos y españoles. El resultado obtenido fueconfirmar que el Protomedicato veló por la salud de losvecinos y que tenía carácter administrativo judicial y susfunciones principales fueron regularizar la labor de los queejercieran cualquier tipo de atención sanitaria, otorgandolicencias, fijando aranceles y vigilando el trabajo realizadoen las boticas y la calidad de los medicamentos, a través devisitas periódicas. La conclusión determina que hubo mejorassanitarias como consecuencia de la gestión del Protomedicatoen el virreinato del Perú, proponiendo medidas salubrese, incluso, disponía la movilización de personal médico através del virreinato y participaba ante cualquier consultade otras entidades coloniales, como el cabildo, referentes asalud pública, como eliminación de acequias, declaraciónde pestes, y otros.(AU)

The objective of this research is to know the role that theProtomedicato played in public health in the viceroyaltyof Peru. The methodology used was historical narrationfollowing the heuristic and hermeneutic method, usingprimary documentary sources from Peruvian and Spanishhistorical archives. The result obtained was to confirm thatthe Protomedicato looked after the health of the neighborsand that it had a judicial administrative nature and its main functions were to regularize the work of those whocarried out any type of health care, granting licenses, settingtariffs and monitoring the work carried out in pharmaciesand the quality of medicines, through periodic visits. Theconclusion determines that there were health improvementsas a consequence of the management of the Protomedicato inthe viceroyalty of Peru, proposing health measures and evenordered the mobilization of medical personnel throughoutthe viceroyalty and participated in any consultation fromother colonial entities, such as the council, referring to publichealth, such as elimination of ditches, declaration of pests,and others.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa é conhecer o papel que o Protomedicatodesempenhou na saúde pública no vice-reinado do Peru. Ametodologia utilizada foi a narração histórica seguindo o métodoheurístico e hermenêutico, utilizando fontes documentaisprimárias de arquivos históricos peruanos e espanhóis. Oresultado obtido foi confirmar que o Protomedicato zelava pelasaúde dos vizinhos e que tinha caráter administrativo judiciale suas principais funções eram regularizar o trabalho de quemrealizava qualquer tipo de assistência à saúde, concedendolicenças, fixando tarifas e acompanhamento do trabalhorealizado nas farmácias e da qualidade dos medicamentos,através de visitas periódicas. A conclusão determina quehouve melhorias na saúde como consequência da gestão doProtomedicato no vice-reinado do Peru, propondo medidassanitárias e ainda ordenou a mobilização de pessoal médicoem todo o vice-reinado e participou de qualquer consultade outras entidades coloniais, como o conselho. , referentesà saúde pública, como eliminação de valas, declaração depragas, entre outros.(AU)

Crecimiento físico y aptitud física de nadadores y no nadadores de una región del Perú / Physical growth and fitness of swimmers and non-swimmers in a Peruvian region

Introducción: La evaluación del crecimiento físico y la aptitud física es considerada una tarea beneficiosa para la salud y del rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Comparar el crecimiento físico y la aptitud física de jóvenes nadadores y no-nadadores de una región del Perú. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (comparativo) en niños y adolescentes de 6 a 13 años. Se conformó dos grupos de estudio. Grupo 1: Practicantes de natación (nadadores) y Grupo 2: No-practicantes de natación (no-nadadores). Se evaluó las medidas antropométricas de peso, estatura, circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y las pruebas físicas de salto horizontal (SH) y agilidad. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y el estado de madurez. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en el peso y estatura entre ambos grupos en todos los rangos de edad (p>0,05). En la CC, los nadadores de ambos sexos mostraron valores inferiores en relación a los no-nadadores al menos desde los 6-7 años, 8-9 años y 10-11 años (p<0,05). En las pruebas físicas, no hubo diferencias en la agilidad entre ambos grupos (p>0,05), sin embargo, en el SH, los nadadores mostraron mejor despeño que sus similares no-nadadores (P<0,05), en los hombres a los 10-11 años y 12-13 años (p<0,05) y en las mujeres en todos los rangos de edad (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los jóvenes nadadores y no-nadadores presentaron un similar patrón de crecimiento físico en peso y estatura, excepto en la CC, donde los no-nadadores mostraron valores superiores. En las pruebas físicas, ambos grupos evidenciaron similares valores de agilidad en todos los rangos de edad y los nadadores mostraron mejores resultados en el SH que sus similares no nadadores. Estos resultados sugieren la práctica de la natación de tres veces por semana, lo que podría ayudar a mantener un adecuado perfil antropométrico y mejorar la fuerza de los miembros inferiores.(AU)

Introduction: The evaluation of physical growth and fit-ness is considered a beneficial task for health and sports per-formance.Objective: To compare the physical growth and fitness ofyoung swimmers and non-swimmers in a region of Peru Methodology: A descriptive (comparative) study was car-ried out in children and adolescents aged 6 to 13 years. Twostudy groups were formed. Group 1: Swimming practitioners(swimmers) and Group 2: Non-swimming practitioners (non-swimmers). Anthropometric measurements of weight, height,sitting height, waist circumference (WC) and the physicaltests of horizontal jump (HH) and agility were evaluated.Body Mass Index (BMI) and maturity status were calculated.Significant differences were determined by means of the “t”test for independent samples.Results: There were no differences in weight, sittingheight and height between both groups in all age ranges(p>0.05). In CC, swimmers of both sexes showed lower val-ues in relation to non-swimmers at least from 6-7 years, 8-9years and 10-11 years (p<0.05). In the physical tests, therewere no differences in agility between both groups (p>0.05),however, in the SH, swimmers showed better performancethan their similar non-swimmers (P<0.05), in males at 10-11years and 12-13 years (p<0.05) and in females in all ageranges (p<0.05).Conclusion: Young swimmers and non-swimmers pre-sented a similar pattern of physical growth in weight andheight, except in CC, where non-swimmers showed highervalues. In the physical tests, both groups evidenced similaragility values in all age ranges and swimmers showed betterresults in SH than their similar non-swimmers. These resultssuggest that the practice of swimming three times a week hasa positive role on the anthropometric profile, adipose andlower limb strength performance.(AU)

Talla baja asociado a errores de refracción ocular en escolaresde Muquiyauyo, Perú / Short stature associated with ocular refractive errors in schoolchildren in Muquiyauyo, Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre talla baja y erro-res de refracción ocular en escolares de Muquiyauyo. Metodología: El tamaño de la población estuvo constituidapor 250 escolares y el tamaño muestral (n) para el nivel deconfianza 99.99% fue de 215 escolares, el estudio fue analí-tico observacional transversal, y la técnica utilizada para la re-colección de datos fue de observación y encuesta medianteuna ficha con datos de medición antropométrica y refracciónocular (medida de vista con autokeratorefractometro). Resultados: De los 215 niños evaluados 158 presentanerrores de refracción ocular, a quienes se les realizó la medidade vista con autokeratorefractometro; presentando 17 niñosmiopía, 9 hipermetropía, 21 astigmatismo, 32 miopía y astig-matismo y 79 hipermetropía y astigmatismo. Con respecto al análisis bivariado de talla baja y miopía, astigmatismo, hiperme tropía se encontraron que los niños que tienen tallabaja se asociaron significativamente con el astigmatismo p = <0.0000965, la razón de prevalencia =2.33 IC (1.44,3.78); es decir, que los que presentan talla baja tienen dosveces más el riesgo de presentar astigmatismo. Los niños que presentaron talla baja se asocian significati-vamente con refracción ocular P=<0.01 razón de prevalencia6.81 IC (2.57,18.1). Conclusión: Los escolares de Muquiyauyo con talla bajatienen 6 veces más riesgo de presentar alteraciones en la re-fracción ocular.(AU)

Objective: To determine the association between shortstature and ocular refractive errors in schoolchildren inMuquiyauyo. Methodology: The population size consisted of 250 scho-olchildren and the sample size(n) for the 99.99% confidencelevel was 215 schoolchildren. The study was a cross-sectionalobservational analytical study, and the technique used fordata collection was observation and survey using an anthro-pometric measurement and ocular refraction data sheet (eyemeasurement with autokeratorefractometer). Results: Of the 215 children evaluated, 158 had ocular re-fractive errors, and their eyesight was measured with an au-tokeratorefractometer; 17 children had myopia, 9 had hypero-pia, 21 had astigmatism, 32 had myopia and astigmatism and79 had hyperopia and astigmatism. With respect to the biva-riate analysis of short stature and myopia, astigmatism andhyperopia, it was found that children with short stature weresignificantly associated with astigmatism p = <0.0000965,prevalence ratio =2.33 CI (1.44, 3.78); that is, those withshort stature have twice the risk of presenting astigmatism. Children with short stature are significantly associated withocular refraction P=<0.01 prevalence ratio 6.81 CI (2.57,18.1). Conclusion: Muquiyauyo school children with short statureare 6 times more likely to have ocular refractive disorders.(AU)

Estado nutricional de los escolares y conocimientos sobre lonchera saludable de las madres, Lima-Perú / Nutritional status of schoolchildren and mothers’ knowledge of healthy lunchboxes, Lima-Perú

Introducción: Durante la etapa escolar la familia cumple un rol importante en el estilo de alimentación del niño, sin embargo, las decisiones que toman los padres sobre la práctica de alimentación son influenciados por factores sociales, culturales y/o económicos.Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el estado nutricional del escolar y conocimientos sobre loncheras de las madres de una institución educativa.Material y métodos: La investigación fue de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional. Contó con una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia formada por 133 escolares de ambos sexos de las edades de 6 a 12 años y también participaron sus respectivas madres (n= 133) y edad promedio de 23 años (DE=2.3). Se utilizó una ficha de registros de evaluación nutricional y el cuestionario de conocimientos el cual fue validado a través del juicio de expertos, con una excelente confiabilidad y validez. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el SPSS, se empleó la prueba Chi-cuadrado.Resultados: El estado nutricional de los escolares según IMC/ Edad fue 73.6% normal y 2.3% delgadez; el 91% presentaron talla normal, 7.5% talla baja y 1.5% talla alta. El nivel de conocimiento sobre lonchera saludable de las madres fue bajo con 2.3%, regular con 50.4% y alto con 47.4%. Existe relación entre el IMC/edad del escolar y los conocimientos sobre loncheras en las madres (p= 0.024), pero no existe relación entre la talla/edad del escolar (p= 0.527).Conclusiones: Existe relación entre el IMC/Edad del escolar y los conocimientos sobre loncheras en las madres de una institución educativa.

Introduction: During the school stage, the family plays animportant role in the child’s feeding style; however, the deci-sions made by parents about feeding practices are influencedby social, cultural and/or economic factors.Objective: To identify the relationship between the nutri-tional status of schoolchildren and knowledge about lunchboxes among mothers in an educational institution.Material and methods: The research had a quantitativeapproach, non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlationaldesign. It had a non-probabilistic sample by convenienceformed by 133 schoolchildren of both sexes from 6 to 12 yearsof age and their respective mothers also participated and av-erage age of 23 years (SD=2.3). A nutritional evaluationrecord card and the knowledge questionnaire were used, which was validated through expert judgment, with excellentreliability and validity. For the statistical analysis, SPSS wasused, the Chi-square test was used to relate the nutritionalstatus variables of the schoolchildren and the mothers’knowledge of healthy lunch boxes.Results: The nutritional status of the schoolchildren ac-cording to BMI/age was 73.6% normal and 2.3% thin; 91%were normal height, 7.5% short height and 1.5% tall height.The mothers’ level of knowledge of healthy lunchboxes waslow at 2.3%, regular at 50.4% and high at 47.4%. There isa relationship between BMI/age of the schoolchild andknowledge about lunch boxes in mothers (p= 0.024), butthere is no relationship between height/age of the school-child (p= 0.527).Conclusions:Obesity and overweight are associated withknowledge about a healthy lunch box; a high-calorie lunchbox increases the student’s energy needs; however, there wasno relationship in height due to factors such as cost andcultural and social preferences.(AU)

Consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y somatotipo en estudiantes de una institución educativa pública de la Amazonía Peruana / Consumption of ultra-processed foods and somatotype in students of a publiceducational institution in the Peruvian Amazon

Introducción: El consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados condiciona el biotipo de una persona. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y el somatotipo en escolares de una institución educativa pública de la región Loreto. Materiales y Métodos: se trata de una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, con un diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional. La muestra final del estudio estuvo conformada por 171 escolares del tercero, cuarto y quinto grado de nivel secundario durante el período académico correspondiente al año 2022 en la institución educativa pública 60050, República de Venezuela, Loreto (Perú). Se incluyó a estudiantes que entregaron el consentimiento y asentimiento informado, menores de 18 años y con matrícula vigente. La valoración antropométrica se realizó mediante el método de Health-Carter; la medición del nivel de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados se realizó mediante una la aplicación de una encuesta de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados. Para evaluar la asociación de las variables se utilizó la prueba estadística Chi cuadrado. Resultados: se logró determinar que el 47,4% de la población presenta como biotipo predominante el endomorfismo, con una mayor presencia de población femenina, que el 36,3% de la población presenta un biotipo mesomórfico y que el 16,4% presenta un biotipo ectomórfico. Al evaluar el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, se determinó que el 58,5% de la población muestra tener un alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, con una mayor presencia de la población masculina, que el 32,2% presenta un consumo en riesgo y que el 9,4% presenta un bajo consumo de estos. Al analizar la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y el somatotipo en escolares se obtuvo un valor p>0,05. Conclusión: el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados no tiene asociación con el somatotipo en escolares de una institución educativa pública en la Amazonía peruana.(AU)

Introduction: The consumption of ultra-processed food sconditions a person’s biotype. A parameter for its evaluationis the anthropometric assessment of the somatotype and asurvey of consumption of ultra-processed foods to assesstheir consumption levels. Objective: determine the association between the con-sumption of ultra-processed foods and somatotype in school-children from a public educational institution in the Peruvian Amazon. Materials and Methods: qualitative research approach,with a non-experimental, transversal and correlational design.The final sample of the study was made up of 171 studentsfrom the third, fourth and fifth grades of secondary schoolduring the academic period corresponding to the year 2022.It included students who provided informed consent and as-sent, under 18 years of age and with current registration. Theanthropometric assessment was performed using the Heath-Carter method; The measurement of the level of consumptionof ultra-processed foods was carried out through a food con-sumption frequency survey. Results: 47.4% of the population presents endomorphismas the predominant biotype, with a greater presence of thefemale population, 36.3% of the population presents a meso-morphic biotype and 16.4% presents an ectomorphic biotype.When evaluating the consumption of ultra-processed foods, itwas determined that 57.8% of the population shows a highconsumption of ultra-processed foods, with a greater pres-ence of the male population; that 32.2% have irrigation con-sumption and that 9.4% have low irrigation consumption. Theresults indicate that there is no statistically significant rela-tionship between the consumption of ultra-processed foodsand the type of somatotype present in the study population. Conclusion: Despite the high consumption of ultra-processed foods, no association was found with somatotype,because there are several factors that determine somatotypein this age group...(AU)

Self-assessed health associated with lifestyles in young adults:National survey - Young Lives - Perú / Salud autoevaluada asociado a estilos de vida en adultos jóvenes: Encuesta nacional - Young Lives – Perú

Introducción: La salud es un estado de bienestar físico, mental y social. La autopercepción en salud es un indicador relacionado a la morbilidad y mortalidad, esta percepción estaría influenciada en cada una de las personas por diversos factores, tales como culturales, psicológicos, sociales y otros. Día a día los jóvenes están expuestos a modificar sus estilos de vida de manera positiva o negativa. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre los estilos de vida y la autoevaluación en salud en adultos entre 18 y 23 años de Perú.Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal en una base de datos secundaria-“Young Lives” Ronda 5 - Perú. 595 adultos jóvenes entre 18 y 23 años formaron parte de nuestra muestra. Para estilos de vida se utilizaron los indicadores: actividad física, horas de sueño, consumo de alcohol, consumo de tabaco, estos fueron asociados a la variable salud autoevaluada.Resultados: Se observó que el 24.37% de la muestra autoevaluó su salud como buena, siendo esta evaluación más frecuente en los varones (OR=2.00, IC: 1.35-2.94). Los factores relacionados con una buena autoevaluación en salud fueron la actividad física (OR=1.50 IC:1.02 - 2.23), dormir de 7 a 8 horas (OR=1.69 IC: 1.01-2.81) y fumar a veces (OR=2.02 IC:1.002-4.11).Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación entre la autoevaluación en salud buena y el realizar actividad física, dormir entre 7 a 8 horas y fumar raramente.(AU)

Introduction: Self-perception of health serves as an im-portant marker for both morbidity and mortality, and it is sub-ject to various influences, including cultural, psychological,and social factors. In their daily lives, young individuals areconstantly exposed to opportunities for altering their lifestyleseither positively or negatively. Therefore, the primary aim ofthis study is to examine the association between lifestyles andself-assessment of health among Peruvian adults aged 18 to23 years.Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conductedutilizing a secondary database, specifically the “Young Lives”Round 5 dataset for Peru. Our sample consisted of 595 youngadults aged between 18 and 23 years. To assess theirlifestyles, we utilized indicators such as physical activity, hoursof sleep, alcohol consumption, and tobacco consumption.These lifestyle factors were then associated with the variableof “self-assessed health”. Additionally, we analyzed other vari-ables, including the sociodemographic characteristics of theevaluated population.Results: We found that 24.37% of the sample rated theirhealth as good. Several factors were identified as being asso-ciated with a positive self-assessment of health. These factorsincluded being male (odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidenceinterval [CI]: 1.35-2.94), engaging in regular physical activity(OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.02-2.23), sleeping for 7 to 8 hours (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.01-2.81), and occasionally smoking(OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.002-4.11).Conclusions: Engaging in physical activity, getting 7 to8 hours of sleep, and occasional smoking have been foundto be associated with a positive self-assessment of health.(AU)

Composición corporal, hábitos alimentarios y actividad físicaen estudiantes universitarios. Lima-Perú / Body composition, eating habits and physical activity in university students. Lima-Perú

Introducción: En el contexto actual epidemiológico y nutricional urge el conocimiento acerca de los hábitos alimentarios, estilos de vida y condición nutricional de jóvenes universitarios.Objetivo: Identificar composición corporal, hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en universitarios.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional - transversal (n=118). Las variables fueron: Edad, Sexo, Peso, Talla, IMC, Masa grasa corporal, Masa muscular esquelética, Grasa visceral, Circunferencia de cintura, hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física. Se usó balanza digital OMRON de impedancia bioeléctrica. El consumo de alimentos fuente de grasa, fruta, vegetales y fibra se obtuvo con el Cuestionario de tamizaje de Block. Se usó el International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ corta, que evalúa la actividad física.Resultados: La masa muscular esquelética es mayor en varones (38%) que en mujeres (25%). Caso contrario se observó en el contenido de grasa corporal, en mujeres 37% y 24% en varones. Se encontró diferencia en el porcentaje de grasa corporal, mujeres (37%) y varones (24%). Todas estas diferencias son estadísticamente significativas (p-valor < 0.05). En hábitos alimentarios se evidenció que el 19% presentó dieta alta y muy alta en grasa y en cuanto al consumo de frutas, vegetales y fibra, se evidenció que menos del 1% presentó consumo normal. Respecto a actividad física, el 46% indicó realizar actividad física alta, 52% moderada y el 2.5% actividad baja. No se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a las variables de estudio según rangos de edad (< 19 años vs >=19 años).Conclusiones: La composición corporal permitió cuantificar las reservas corporales del organismo de los estudiantes, el porcentaje de estos componentes corporales fue variable y depende del sexo. Un bajo porcentaje de estudiantes presentaron adecuados consumos de frutas, vegetales y fibra, los hombres tienen un mayor nivel de actividad física.(AU)

Introduction: In the current epidemiological and nutri-tional context, knowledge about the eating habits, lifestyles,and nutritional conditions of young university students is ur-gently needed.Objective: To identify body composition, eating habits,and physical activity in university students. Materials and Methods: Observational-cross-sectionalstudy. The population consisted of university students between16 and 25 years of age (n = 118). The variables studied were:age, sex, weight, height, BMI, body fat mass, skeletal musclemass, visceral fat, waist circumference, dietary habits, andphysical activity. Body composition was measured by anthro-pometry and bioelectrical impedance. Food consumption wasobtained with the Block Screening Questionnaire. The shortInternational Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was usedto assess physical activity. Chi-Square and T-Student tests wereused as hypothesis contrasts. To determine associations be-tween variables, a p-value <0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant.Results: Skeletal muscle mass was higher in males (38%)than in females (25%), while body fat was higher in females(37%) than in males (24%). These differences were statisti-cally significant. Regarding dietary habits, 19% had a diet highand very high in fat, and less than 1% had normal consump-tion of fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Regarding physical activity,46% indicated high physical activity, 52% moderate, and2.5% low activity. It was observed that men had more highphysical activity than women; however, women had moremoderate and low physical activity than men (p = 0.0299). Nostatistically significant differences were found for the studyvariables according to age ranges.Conclusions: Body composition was variable and sex-de-pendent. A minimum percentage of university students hadadequate intakes of fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Men had ahigher level of physical activity than women.(AU)

Dislipemia y circunferencia de cuello en pacientes de un hospital privado peruano / Dyslipidemia and neck circumference in patients from a Peruvian private hospital

Introducción: Las dislipidemias son alteraciones que están asociadas al riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, infarto agudo de miocardio, evento cerebrovascular (ECV) o la artropatía periférica.Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la circunferencia de cuello y el perfil lipídico de pacientes adultos atendidos en la clínica privada Rebagliatti.Materiales y métodos: Investigación de enfoque cuantitativo de diseño no experimental, transversal de nivel correlacional – causal. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por 120 pacientes ambulatorios de 18 a 59 años que asistieron a clínica privada Rebagliatti, durante el periodo octubre a noviembre del 2023. La medición de la circunferencia de cuello se realizó con una cinta métrica de la marca Lufkin y los valores del perfil lipídico se obtuvieron de la revisión de la historia clínica del paciente. Para evaluar la relación de las variables se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica coeficiente de correlación de Spearman.Resultados: el promedio de la circunferencia de cuello fue 36,21 ± 2,34 cm, del colesterol total fue 237,55 ± 67,47 mg/dL, del colesterol LDL fue 126,55 ± 34,97 mg/dL, del colesterol HDL fue 37,10 ± 4,35 mg/dL y de los triglicéridos fue 219,72 ± 88,65 mg/dL. Al analizar la relación entre la circunferencia de cuello y el nivel de perfil lipídico se encontró (p<0,05).Conclusiones: La circunferencia de cuello tiene relación directa con el nivel de colesterol total, triglicéridos y colesterol LDL; no obstante, se encontró una relación inversa con el nivel de colesterol HDL en pacientes.(AU)

Introduction: Dyslipidemias are alterations that are asso-ciated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases, acute myocar-dial infarction, and cerebral vascular disease (CVD).Objective: To analyze the relationship between dyslipide-mia and neck circumference in patients treated in a privatehospital in Peru.Materials and methods: Quantitative research with anon-experimental, cross-sectional design at a correlational –causal level, carried out on 120 patients aged 18-59 who at-tended the Los Andes private clinic in November 2023; loca-ted in the city of Huancayo – Peru. The measurement of neckcircumference was performed with a Lufkin brand measuringtape and the lipid profile through low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TotalChol) and triglycerides (TG), was obtained from the patient’smedical history. A descriptive analysis was performed (mean,standard deviation, minimum, maximum); To evaluate the re-lationship of the variables, the non-parametric Spearman co-rrelation coefficient test was used.Results: the average neck circumference was 36.21 ± 2.34 cm, total cholesterol was 237.55 ± 67.47 mg/dL,LDL cholesterol was 126.55 ± 34.97 mg/dL, HDL choleste-rol was 37.10 ± 4.35 mg/dL and triglycerides was 219.72 ± 88.65 mg/dL. When analyzing the relationship betweenneck circumference with total cholesterol, triglycerides andLDL, a direct and significant relationship was obtained(p<0.05). However, when evaluating the relationship withHDL cholesterol, an inverse and significant relationship wasobtained (p<0.05).Conclusions: Patients with a larger neck circumferencehave a higher risk of dyslipidemia. Likewise, a direct and sig-nificant relationship was found with the level of total choles-terol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol; however, inverse rela-tionship with the level of HDL cholesterol. Therefore, neckcircumference measurement represents a useful and practicalmethod in predicting dyslipidemia.(AU)